14 Principles of HENRY FAYOL for Management

1.Division of Work:

·         Work is divided into small tasks/jobs.

·         A trained specialist who is competent is required to perform each job.

·         Thus, division of work leads to specialisation.

·         According to Fayol, “The intent of division of work is to produce more and better work for the same effort. Specialisation is the most efficient way to use human effort.”

2. Authority and Responsibility:

According to Fayol, “Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and

·         responsibility is the corollary(attached) of authority.

·         The two types of authority are official authority, which is the authority to command, and personal authority which is the authority of the individual manager.”

·         Authority is both formal and informal . Managers require authority commensurate with their responsibility.

·         There should be a balance between authority and responsibility.

·         An organisation should build safeguards against abuse of managerial power.

3. Discipline:

·         Discipline is the obedience to organisational rules and employment agreement which are necessary for the working of the organisation.

·         According to Fayol, discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties.

4.Unity of Command:

·         According to Fayol there should be one and only one boss for every individual employee.

·         If an employee gets orders from two superiors at the same time the principle of unity of command is violated.

·         The principle of unity of command states that each participant in a formal organisation should receive orders from and be responsible to only one superior.

5.Unity of Direction:

·         All the units of an organisation should be moving towards the same objectives through coordinated and focussed efforts.

·         Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan.

·         This ensures unity of action and coordination.

6. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest:

·         The interests of an organisation should take priority over the interests of any one individual employee according to Fayol.

·         Every worker has some individual interest for working in a company. The company has got its own objectives. For example, the company would want to get maximum output from its employees at a competitive cost (salary). On the other hand, an employee may want to get maximum salary while working the least.

·         In any circumstance the organisation objective should be first priority.

7. Remuneration of Employees:

·         The overall pay and compensation should be fair to both employees and the organisation.

·         The employees should be paid fair wages, which should give them at least a reasonable standard of living.

·         At the same time it should be within the paying capacity of the company.

8. Centralisation and Decentralisation:

·         The concentration of decision-making authority is called centralisation  (power in few hands) whereas its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralisation.

·         According to Fayol, “There is a need to balance subordinate involvement through decentralisation with managers’ retention of final authority through centralisation.”

·         The degree of centralisation will depend upon the circumstances in which the company is working.

·         In general large organisations have more decentralisation than small organisations.

9. Scalar Chain:

·         An organisation consists of superiors and subordinates.

·         The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain.

·         According to Fayol, “Organisations should have a chain of authority and communication that runs from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and the subordinates.”

·         In case of urgent need this chain can be ignored and subordinate can be communicate with each other.

10.Order:

·         According to Fayol, “People and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency.”

·         The principle of order states that ‘A place for everything (everyone) and everything (everyone) in its (her/his) place’.

·         Essentially it means orderliness. If there is a fixed place for everything and it is present there, then there will be no hindrance in the activities of business/ factory.  

11.Equity:

·         Good sense and experience are needed to ensure fairness to all employees, who should be treated as fairly as possible

·         This principle emphasises kindliness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards workers.

·         This will ensure loyalty and devotion.

12. Stability of Personnel:

·         “Employee turnover should be minimised to maintain organisational efficiency”, according to Fayol.

·         Personnel should be selected and appointed after due and rigorous procedure.

·         But once selected they should be kept at their post/ position for a minimum fixed tenure.

·         They should have stability of tenure.

·         They should be given reasonable time to show results.

13.Initative:

·         Workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvements according to Fayol.

·         Initiative means taking the first step with self-motivation.

·         it does not mean going against the established practices of the company for the sake of being different.

·         A good company should have an employee suggestion system whereby initiative/ suggestions which result in

substantial cost/time reduction should be rewarded.

14. Espirit De Corps:

·         Management should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among employees, according to Fayol.

·         Management should promote teamwork especially in large organisations because otherwise objectives would be difficult to realise.

·         It will also result in a loss of coordination.

·         A manager should replace ‘I’ with ‘We’ in all his conversations with workers to foster team spirit.

·         This will give rise to a spirit of mutual trust and belongingness among team members. It will also minimise the need for using penalties.

4 lessons that I learned on how to find the right direction in life:

Here are 4 lessons that I learned on how to find the right direction in life:

1. Stop over-thinking.

So much of our stress and anxiety about the future stems from all the analysis and thinking we do as adults. We ask ourselves all sorts of questions. I recall countless nights lying awake, entertaining ideas and wrestling with my soul. I tried so hard to figure out where I would end up that I often felt defeated before I even began.

But all the over-analysis got me nowhere; it just burned more time.

The reality is that no matter how smart we may be, we cannot predict the future. Things are moving so fast and we’re so interconnected that it is impossible to predict where you’ll end up five years from now.

You just don’t know. And that’s not necessarily a bad thing, because you will not be basing your choice of direction based on a forecast that’s likely to be wrong.

You’ll be making your choice on what’s really important to you, right here and right now, not tomorrow.

By recognizing and ultimately accepting the unpredictable nature of life, we can stop over-thinking and over-analyzing and start living more in the present moment. This helps to open the mind up to the possibilities of today.

2. Try anything. Do something.

When you take action and start doing things, you begin to feel better almost immediately, because instead of thinking about some far off place in your head full of uncertainty, you will be working on something that is really certain: your actions.

So many times, I used to get caught up in the chaos of life and was consumed by it, until I realized that while I cannot control what will happen tomorrow, I can control the actions I take every single day.

That’s the real beauty of life—knowing that you have absolute control over each of your thoughts, words, and actions. 

And by trying, moving, asking, engaging, experimenting, and walking forward, it puts you one step further than where you were yesterday. And you just never know where that one step will lead you.

3. Follow your inner voice. 

I used to feel that if only I knew more, I would be able to make a better decision about the direction I wanted to take in life. But as I dug deeper trying to get more information, the hole got so deep that I found myself buried.

Confused and overwhelmed with so much information, at times conflicting, I just didn’t know what or whom to believe.

Then, I just let go. I let go of all evidence and started following my gut. 

I took chances; I took small steps walking forward in the dark. I stumbled, fell but got back up, and went in a different direction. Then again, and again, and again. As they say, the first step was the hardest but I eventually found my way, not because some data point on a career chart showed me which way to go, but because I started to trust my inner voice.

Sure, it was wrong often, but it got better eventually because I was out there doing and learning—not sitting and waiting.

4. Believe in yourself.

When I first started exploring new opportunities to find the right direction in my life, I found myself overwhelmed by the competition. There were so many others just like me trying and doing what I was doing.

And turning to my friends didn’t offer any respite, because instead of encouraging me to try new avenues, some of them brought me back to where I began. “Why don’t you be more pragmatic?”

Feeding me with seeds of self-doubt, it took me some time to recover my momentum. And it was in the positive voices of so many others in blogs such as this, videos, and social media that I found encouragement to keep at it. It felt like they were talking about me.

And in that positive lens, I found the light inside of me to bring forward the resiliency that lay dormant.

No longer suppressed by someone else’s ideas of the way things “ought to be,” I continued on my newly discovered path. The more I focused on my own voice and the voices of encouraging friends, the more I grew to believe in myself.

Although for some, finding the right direction might require the journey of a lifetime, I do believe that there is one direction that we are all meant to go: forward.

By taking small steps each and every day, putting aside over-thinking, and realizing that you have everything you need deep within, you can find the right direction in your life. And while it may not be the direction you expected, it will work out just fine.

'Chase your dreams and don't find shortcuts' — Sachin Tendulkar's emotional goodbye speech

Sachin Tendulkar bid cricket goodbye with an emotional speech at the end of the second Test at the Wankhede Stadium. The little master showed great humility and thoughtfulness in thanking all the people who'd helped him reach the top.

Excerpts from the speech: 

All my friends. Settle down let me talk, I will get more and more emotional (crowd gets louder and louder as he composes himself). My life, between 22 yards for 24 years, it is hard to believe that that wonderful journey has come to an end, but I would like to take this opportunity to thank people who have played an important role in my life. Also, for the first time in my life I am carrying this list, to remember all the names in case I forget someone. I hope you understand. It's getting a little bit difficult to talk but I will manage.

The most important person in my life, and I have missed him a lot since 1999 when he passed away, my father. Without his guidance, I don't think I would have been standing here in front of you. He gave me freedom at the age of 11, and told me that chase my dreams, but make sure you do not find short cuts. The path might be difficult, but don't give up, and I have simply followed his instructions. Above all, he told me to be a nice human being, which I will continue to do and try my best. Every time I have done something special and showed my bat, it was for my father.

My mother, I don't know how she dealt with such a naughty child like me. I was not easy to manage. She must be extremely patient. For a mother, the most important thing is that her child remains safe and healthy and fit. That was what she was most bothered and worried about. She took care of me for the last 24 years that I have played for India, but even before that she started praying for me the day I started playing cricket. She just prayed and prayed and I think her prayers and blessings have given me the strength to go out and perform, so a big thank you to my mother for all the sacrifices.

In my school days, for four years, I stayed with my uncle and aunt because my school was quite far from my home, and they treated me like their son. My aunt, after having had a hard day's play, I would be half asleep and she would be feeding me food so I could go again and play tomorrow. I can't forget these moments. I am like their son and I am glad it has continued to be the same way.

My eldest brother, Nitin, and his family, have always encouraged me. My eldest brother doesn't like to talk much, but the one thing he always told me is that whatever you do, I know you will always give it 100%, and that I have full faith and confidence in you. His encouragement meant a lot to me. My sister, Savita, and her family, was no different. The first cricket bat of my life was presented to me by my sister. It was a Kashmir willow bat. But that is where the journey began. She is one of those many who still continue to fast when I bat, so thank you very much.

Ajit, my brother, now what do I talk about him? I don't know. We have lived this dream together. He was the one who sacrificed his career for my cricket. He spotted the spark in me. And it all started from the age of 11 when he took me to Archrekar sir, my coach, and from there on my life changed. You will find this hard to believe but even last night he called to discuss my dismissal, knowing that there was a remote chance of batting again, but just the habit we have developed, the rapport we have developed, since my birth, has continued and it will continue. Maybe when I'm not playing cricket we will still be discussing technique.

Various things we agreed upon, my technique, and so many technical things which I didn't agree with him, we have had arguments and disagreements, but when I look back at all these things in my life, I would have been a lesser cricketer.

The most beautiful thing happened to me in 1990 when I met my wife, Anjali. Those were special years and it has continued and will always continue that way. I know Anjali, being a doctor; there was a wonderful career in front of her. When we decided to have a family, Anjali took the initiative to step back and say that 'you continue with your cricket and I will take the responsibility of the family'.

Without that, I don't think I would have been able to play cricket freely and without stress. Thanks for bearing with all my fuss and all my frustrations, and all sorts of rubbish that I have spoken. Thanks for bearing with me and always staying by my side through all the ups and downs. You are the best partnership I've had in my life.

Then, the two precious diamonds of my life, Sara and Arjun. They have already grown up. My daughter is 16, my son is 14. Time has flown by. I wanted to spend so much time with them on special occasions like their birthdays, their annual days, their sports day, going on holidays, whatever. I have missed out on all those things. Thanks for your understanding. Both of you have been so, so special to me you cannot imagine. I promise you that for 14 and 16 years I have not spent enough time with both of you, but the next 16 years or even beyond that, everything is for you.

My in-laws, Anand Mehta and Annabelle, both have been so, so supportive and loving and caring. I have discussed on various things in life, generally with them, and have taken their advice. You know, it's so important to have a strong family who is always with you and who are guiding you. Before you start clapping, the most important thing they did was allowing me to marry Anjali, so thank you very much.

In the last 24 years that I have played for India I have made new friends, and before that I have had friends from my childhood. They have all had a terrific contribution. As and when I have called them to come and bowl to me at the nets, they have left their work aside to come and help me. Be it joining me on holidays and having discussions with me on cricket, or how I was a little stressed and wanting to find a solution so I can perform better.

All those moments my friends were with me. Even for when I was injured, I would wake up in the morning because I couldn't sleep and thought that my career was over because of injuries, that is when my friends have woken up at 3 o'clock in the morning to drive with me and make me believe that my career was not over. Life would be incomplete without all those friends. Thanks for being there for me.

My cricket career started when I was 11. The turning point of my career was when my brother (Ajit) took me to Achrekar sir. I was extremely delighted to see him up in the stands. Normally he sits in front of the television and he watches all the games that I play. When I was 11/12, those were the days when I used to hop back on his scooter and play a couple of practice matches a day. The first half the innings I would be batting at Shivaji Park, the second half, at some other match in Azad Maidan. He would take me all over Mumbai to make sure I got match practice.

On a lighter note, in the last 29 years, sir has never ever said 'well played' to me because he thought I would get complacent and I would stop working hard. Maybe he can push his luck and wish me now, well done on my career, because there are no more matches, sir, in my life. I will be witnessing cricket, and cricket will always stay in my heart, but you have had an immense contribution in my life, so thank you very much.

My cricket for Mumbai started right here on this ground, the Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA), which is so dear to me. I remember landing from New Zealand at four o'clock in the morning, and turning up for a game here at eight o'clock just because I wanted to be a part of Mumbai cricket, and not that somebody forced me. That was for the love of Mumbai cricket, and thank you very much. The president is here so thank you very much, along with your team, for taking care of me and looking after my cricket.

The dream was obviously to play for India, and that is where my association with BCCI started. BCCI was fantastic, right from my debut they believed in my ability and selecting me into the squad at the age of 16 was a big step, so thanks to all the selectors for having faith in me and the BCCI for giving me the freedom to express myself out in the middle. Things would have been different if you had not been behind me, and I really appreciate your support. Especially when I was injured, you were right with me and making sure that all the treatments were taken care of, and that I got fit and fine and playing right back for India.

The journey has been special, the last 24 years, I have played with many senior cricketers, and even before that there were many senior cricketers with whom I watched on television. They inspired me to play cricket, and to play in the right way. Thanks to all those senior cricketers, and unfortunately I have not been able to play with them, but I have high regards for all their achievements and all their contributions.

We see it on the mega-screen, Rahul, Laxman, Sourav, and Anil, who is not here, and my team-mates right here in front me. You are like my family away from home. I have had some wonderful times with you. It is going to be difficult to not be part of the dressing room, sharing those special moments. All the coaches for their guidance, it has been special for me. I know when MS Dhoni presented me the 200th Test match cap on day one morning. I had a brief message for the team. I would like to repeat that. I just feel that all of us are so, so fortunate and proud to be part of the Indian cricket team and serving the nation.

Knowing all of you guys, I know you will continue to serve the nation in the right spirit and right values. I believe we have been the lucky ones to be chosen by the Almighty to serve this sport. Each generation gets this opportunity to take care of this sport and serve it to the best of our ability. I have full faith in you to continue to serve the nation in the right spirit and to the best of your ability, to bring all the laurels to the country. All the very best.

***

I would be failing in my duties if I did not thank all the doctors, the physios, the trainers, who have put this difficult body together to go back on the field and be able to play. The amount of injuries that I have had in my career, I don't know how you have managed to keep me fit, but without your special efforts, it would never have happened. The doctors have met me at weird hours. I mean I have called them from Mumbai to Chennai, Mumbai to Delhi, I mean wherever. They have just taken the next flight and left their work and families to be with me, which has allowed me to play. So a big thank you to all three of you for keeping me in good shape.

My dear friend, late Mark Mascarenhas, my first manager. We unfortunately lost him in a car accident in 2001, but he was such a well-wisher of cricket, my cricket, and especially Indian cricket. He was so passionate. He understood what it takes to represent a nation and gave me all the space to go out and express myself, and never pressurized me to do this ad or promotion or whatever the sponsors demanded. He took care of that and today I miss him, so thank you Mark for all your contribution.

My current management team, WSG, for repeating what Mark has done, because when I signed the contract I exactly told them what I want from them, and what it requires to represent me. They have done that and respected that.

Someone who has worked closely with me for 14 years is my manager, Vinod Nayudu. He is more like my family and all the sacrifices, spending time away from his family for my work, has been special, so big thank you to his family as well for giving up so much time for my work with Vinod.

In my school days, when I performed well, the media backed me a lot. They continue to do that till this morning. Thank you so much to the media for supporting and appreciating my performances. It surely had a positive effect on me. Thank you so much to all the photographers as well for those wonderfully captured moments that will stay with me for the rest of my life, so a big thank you to all the photographers.

I know my speech is getting a bit too long ... but this is the last thing I want to say. I want to thank all the people here who have flown in from various parts of the world, and have supported me endlessly, whether I scored a 0 or a 100-plus. Your support was so dear to me and meant a lot to me. Whatever you have done for me.

I know I have met so many guys who have fasted for me, prayed for me, done so much for me. Without that life wouldn't have been like this for me. I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart, and also say that time has flown by rather quickly, but the memories you have left with me will always be with me forever and ever, especially "Sachin, Sachin" which will reverberate in my ears till I stop breathing. Thank you very much. If I have missed out on saying something, I hope you understand. Goodbye!  (CYCSPL)

——VIDEO——

——IN DEPTH——

FULL COVERAGE: Farewell, Sachin
Match Report | Photos | Scores
Reactions: 'Tendulkar is all that exudes good'
Tendulkar wows Wankhede one last time

——ALSO SEE——

• 

Cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar touches the pitch as he bids adieu to international cricket in Mumbai on Nov.16, 2013. (Photo: Sandeep Mahankal/IANS)

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5 STEPS TO BE CONFIDENT.....................

1

Think positively. When it comes down to it, reality is perception. If you feel confident, you are. If life is falling apart around you but you don't notice, it's not really falling apart, now is it? So get on thinking those happier thoughts! You're not deluding yourself one way or another -- don't worry that you're being silly for thinking positively -- you're just taking control.

• When you catch yourself thinking, "God, I'm so fat," STOP. Go back. Reframe. Say it again, only this time think, "I'm unhappy with my weight. What am I doing about it?" It doesn't have to be all sunshine and rainbows; you just have to be less hard on yourself.
• Positive thinking leads to a positive, more confident disposition. You know what happens when you think negatively about yourself? It becomes habit and all of a sudden you're thinking negatively about everything. You become gossip-y and complain-y and one of those people that is always putting something else down. Gross.

1. 2
   Be grateful. Alright, so you've read the How to Think Positively article, too, and you're still at a loss? Then just start with being grateful. The more things you realize you have going for you the more you can sit back and go, "Huh. I guess life is pretty darn okay." The only sad part is how easily we forget what we have!
• Seriously. You probably have working body parts, clothes on your back, talents (what are they?), people who love you, and a future, just for starters. That's the stuff most people have (or at least most people on wikiHow) -- what else do you have that's unique to you?
2. 3
   Smile. There's a ton of argument on thought and behavior and what comes first. Turns out your mind actually takes cues from your body. So get to tricking your mind and smiling! Turns out smiling is the muscle equivalent of oatmeal. By the way, oatmeal is basically a miracle in food form. Here's why:^[1]
• Smiling releases endorphins and serotonin. If you force a smile, you will literally be happier. Not look happier, not seem happier, be happier.
• Smiling reduces stress, lowers your blood pressure, and ups your immune system. Kinda look oatmeal, only calorie free and available everywhere.
• Smiling makes us more attractive to others. Were you not sold before?
• P.S. -- Happier people are, generally, more confident. That's the idea here. No room for worry when it's all good!
3. 4
   Switch up your environment. Think about the person you are at home, the person you are at school, the person you are at work, the person you are at your favorite cafe, etc. Probably not the same person, huh? Odds are that there's an environment or two where you feel more comfortable and more confident. So if you're in a place where you don't feel confident, get up and move!
• Okay, so you can't get up in the middle of dinner and mince your way over to McDonald's unfortunately. But the next time you find yourself feeling not-so-great, think about where you are. Knowing it might be a cause of your environment and not you takes the pressure off!
4. 5
   Use visualization and deep breathing. This is more of an in-the-moment tip. When you're gearing up to talk to that cute boy or to give that speech, that's when you'll need to use these little tricks.
   • Visualize yourself doing awesome and it all going swimmingly. When you expect success, you might just get it. But when you expect to fail, you will.
   • Take a deep breath. When we breathe too quickly, our heart rates go up and our brains start thinking "fight or flight." You're just making yourself more nervous. Since you won't be attacking any wooly mammoths anytime soon, there's really no use for that.